method to reduce nitrous oxide emission from soils

专利摘要:
METHOD TO REDUCE NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM SOILS. The present invention relates to a method for reducing nitrous oxide emission from soils which comprises treating a plant growing from soil oxide which comprises treating a plant which grows on the respective soil and/or the place where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or the seeds from which the plant grows with at least one fungicide (compound A) and at least one fertilizer containing ammonium or urea (compound B), in which the application of at least one compound ( A) and at least one compound (B) is performed with a time interval of at least 1 day.
公开号:BR112012005581B1
申请号:R112012005581-0
申请日:2010-09-13
公开日:2021-04-20
发明作者:Markus Gewehr；Alexander Wissemeier；Ansgar Wille；Barbara Nave；Christina Geiger；Dana Peach；Hans-Jurgen Lutz；Lutz Brahm
申请人:Basf Se；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

DESCRIPTION
[001] The present invention relates to a method for reducing nitrous oxide emission from soils comprising treating a plant that grows on the respective soil and/or the location where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and /or the seeds from which the plant grows with at least one fungicide (compound A) selected from the group consisting of: (A1) inhibitors of complex III at the Qo site (respiration inhibitors, eg strobilurins): - azoxystrobin, coumethoxystrobin, coumoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, enestroburin, pheneminstrobin, phenoxystrobin (fluphenoxystrobin), fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyramethostrobin, esylpyridine, trichlorodicarbine acid - [2-(2,5-dimethyl-phenoxymethyl)-phenyl]-3-methoxy-acrylic and 2-(2-(3-(2,6-di-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-allylidene-aminooxy-methyl )-phenyl)-2-methoxyimino-N-methyl-acetamide; (A2) Qi site complex III inhibitors (respiration inhibitors): cyazofamid, amisulbrom; (A3) complex II inhibitors (respiration inhibitors, eg carboxanilides): benodanil, bixaphene, boscalid, carboxin, fenfuram, fenexamide, flutolanil, fluxapyroxad, furametpyr, isopyrazam, mepronil, oxycarboxine, penflufen, penthiopyrad, sedaxane thifluzamide, N-(4'-trifluoromethylthiobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide and N-(2-(1,3,3-trimethyl-butyl)-phenyl )-1,3-dimethyl-5-fluoro-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide; (A4) other respiration inhibitors (eg complex I inhibitors, uncouplers): diflumetorin; nitrophenyl derivatives: binapacryl, dinobuton, dinocap, fluazinam, nitrthal-isopropyl, technazene, ferimzone; organometallic compounds: fentin salts: fentin acetate, fentin chloride, fentin hydroxide; amethoctradin, silthiofam; (A5) sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (SBI fungicides): - C14 demethylase inhibitors (DMI fungicides): triazoles: azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, epoxiconazole, fenbuconazole, fluopyrazole, fluopyrazole , flutriafol, hexaconazole, imibenconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, oxpoconazole, paclobutrazol, penconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole, simeconazole, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, triticonazole, uniconazole; imidazoles: cyazofamid, imazalil, pefurazoate, prochloraz, triflumizole; pyrimidines, pyridines and piperazines: fenarimol, nuarimol, pyrifenox and triforine; - delta14-reductase inhibitors: aldimorph, dodemorph, dodemorph acetate, fenpropimorph, tridemorph, fenpropidin, piperalin and spiroxamine; - 3-keto reductase inhibitors: fenexamide; (A6) nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors: - phenylamides or acyl amino acid fungicides: benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, chiralaxyl, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam), ofurace, oxadixyl; - others: himexazol, octilinone, oxolinic acid, bupirimate; (A7) cell division and cytoskeleton inhibitors: - tubulin inhibitors: benzimidazoles, thiophanates: carbendazim, fuberidazole, thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl; triazolopyrimidines: 5-chloro-7-(4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine - others cell division inhibitors: dietofencarb, ethaboxam, pencycuron, fluopicolide, zoxamide, metrafenone, pyriophenone; (A8) protein and amino acid synthesis inhibitors: - methionine synthesis inhibitors (anilino-pyrimidines): cyprodinil, mepanipyrim, nitrapirin, pyrimethanil; - protein synthesis inhibitors: blasticidin-S, kasugamycin, kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, mildiomycin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, polyoxin, validamycin A; (A9) signal transduction inhibitors: - MAP / histidine kinase inhibitors: fluoroimide, procymidone, vinclozoline, fenpiclonil, fludioxonil; - G protein inhibitors: quinoxyfen; (A10) membrane and lipid synthesis inhibitors: - phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitors: edifenphos, iprobenfos, pyrazolophos, isoprothiolane; cinnamic or mandelic acid amides; - lipid peroxidation: dichlorane, quintazene, technazene, tolclophos-methyl, biphenyl, chlorneb, etridiazole; - cell wall deposition and phospholipid biosynthesis: dimethomorph, flumorph, mandiproamide, pirimorph, bentiavalicarb, iprovalicarb, piribencarb, valifenalate, (4-fluorophenyl) acid ester N-(1 -(1 -(4-cyano-phenyl)-) ethanesulfonyl)-but-2-yl) carbamic; - compounds that affect cell membrane permeability and fatty acids: propamocarb, propamocarb hydrochloride; (A11) inhibitors with multi-site action: - inorganic active substances: mixture of Bordeaux, copper acetate, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, basic copper sulfate, sulfur; thio- and dithiocarbamates: ferbam, metam, metasulfocarb, metiram, propineb, tiram, zineb, ziram; - organochlorine compound (eg phthalimides, sulfamides, chloronitriles): anilazine, captafol, folpet, dichlofluanid, dichlorophene, flusulfamide, hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorphenol and its salts, phthalide, tolylfluanid, N-(4-chloro-2-nitro-phenyl) -N-ethyl-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide; - guanidines and others: guanidine, dodine, dodine free base, guazatine, guazatine acetate, iminoctadine, iminoctadine triacetate, iminoctadine tris(albesylate), dithianone; (A12) cell wall synthesis inhibitors: - inhibitors of glucan synthesis inhibitors: validamycin, polyoxin B; - inhibitors of melanin synthesis: pyroquilone, tricyclazole, carpropamide, dicyclomet, fenoxanil; (A13) plant defense inducers: - acibenzolar-S-methyl, probenazol, isothianil, tiadinil, phosphonates: fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminium, phosphorous acid and its salts; (A14) unknown mode of action: - bronopol, quinomethionate, cyflufenamide, cymoxanil, dazomet, debacarb, diclomezine, difenzoquat, difenzoquat methylsulfate, diphenylamine, fenpyrazamine, flumetover, flusulfamide, flutianil, metasulfocarb, tebuquinazine-co , triazoxide, 2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propylchromen-4-one, N-(cyclopropylmethoxyimino-(6-difluoro-methoxy-2,3-difluoro-phenyl)-methyl)-2-phenyl acetamide, N'-(4-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine, N'-(4-(4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl) -phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine, N'-(2-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-4-(3-trimethyl-silanyl-prop-oxy)-phenyl) -N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine, N'-(5-difluoromethyl-2-methyl-4-(3-tri-methylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine, methyl-(1 2-{1-[2-(5-methyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-acetyl]-piperidin-4-acid ,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalen-1-yl)-amide yl}-thiazole-4-carboxylic, methyl-(R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydride 2-{1-[2-(5-methyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-acetyl]-piperidin-4-yl}-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid ronaphthalen-1-yl-amide , 6-tert-butyl-8-fluoro-2,3-dimethyl-quinolin-4-yl ester of methoxy-acetic acid and N-Methyl-2-{1-[(5-methyl-3-trifluoro-methyl- 1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-acetyl]-piperidin-4-yl}-N-[(1R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalen-1-yl]-4-thiazolecarboxamide, 3 -[5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]-pyridine, 3-[5-(4-methyl-phenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3- yl]-pyridine (pyrisoxazole), N-(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid amide, 5-chloro-1-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-methyl- 1H-benzoimidazole, 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-N-[4-(3,4-dimeth-oxy-phenyl)-isoxazol-5-yl]-2-prop-2-ynyloxy-acetamide; and at least one fertilizer containing ammonium or urea (compound B) selected from the group consisting of: (B1) inorganic fertilizer: NPK fertilizer, ammonium nitrate, ammonium and calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and sulfate, ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate; (B2) organic fertilizer: liquid manure, semi-liquid manure, barn manure and manure with straw, vermicompost, compost, seaweed and guano; wherein the application of at least one compound (A) and at least one compound (B) is carried out with a time interval of at least 1 day.
[002] In addition, the present invention relates to a method for reducing nitrous oxide emission from soils, as described above, in which the fertilizer containing ammonium or urea (compound B) is applied together with at least a nitrification inhibitor (compound C) selected from the group consisting of 2-(3,4-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-succinic acid, 3,4-dimethylpyrazolephosphate (DMPP), dicyandiamide (DCD), 1 H-1,2,4-triazole, 3-methylpyrazole (3-MP), 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine, 5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole, 2-amino 4-chloro-6-methyl-pyrimidine, 2-mercapto-benzothiazole, 2-sulfanylamidothiazole, thiourea, sodium azide, potassium azide, 1-hydroxypyrazole, 2-methylpyrazole-1-carboxamide, 4-amino-1.2 ,4-triazole, 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole, 2,4-diamino-6-trichloromethyl-5-triazine, carbon disulfide, ammonium thiosulfate, sodium trithiocarbonate, 2,3-dihydro-2 ,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol methyl carbamate and N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-methyl ester N-(methoxyacetyl)alanine.
[003] Nitrogen consists of an essential element for plant growth and reproduction. About 25% of the available plant nitrogen in soils (ammonium and nitrate) originates from the decomposition (mineralization) processes of organic nitrogen compounds, such as humus, plant and animal waste and organic fertilizers. Approximately 5% is derived from rain. On a global basis, the majority (70%), however, is supplied to the plant by inorganic nitrogen fertilizers. Without the use of nitrogen fertilizers, the Earth would not be able to support its current population.
[004] Soil microorganisms convert organic nitrogen to ammonium (NH4+), which is subsequently oxidized to nitrate (NO3-) in a process known as nitrification. Nitrate is very important in agriculture due to the fact that it consists of a form of nitrogen that is preferably collected by plants due to its high availability to the plant. However, nitrate is also highly mobile in soil. As a consequence, it can be readily lost from soil leaching into groundwater. In addition, nitrogen is lost through denitrification, which consists of the microbiological conversion of nitrate and nitrite (NO2-) to gaseous forms of nitrogen, such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and molecular nitrogen (N2). As a consequence of the various losses, approximately 50% of the applied nitrogen is lost during the year after the addition of fertilizer (cf. Nelson and Huber; Nitrification inhibitors for corn production (2001). National Corn Handbook, Iowa State University).
[005] Consequently, there is great concern that intensive fertilizer use and an application of animal waste can lead to increased nitrogen levels in groundwater and surface water which, in turn, could lead to eutrophication increased number of lakes and rivers.
[006] In addition, nitrogen fertilization and livestock manure can increase nitrous oxide production, significantly contributing to stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming. In addition to nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are important gases produced by agricultural and native soils. Depending on various parameters such as atmospheric state and soil type, increased fertilization and tillage can further increase nitrous oxide emissions.
[007] As a consequence, one of the biggest challenges for the world community in the coming years will be the reduction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere or at least the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. This concern is expressed in the Kyoto protocol, in which ratified countries undertake to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase the emission of these gases.
[008] One of the best known greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. However, nitrous oxide is another cause of great importance. Throughout the 20th century and continuing into the 21st century, nitrous oxide has increased by 50 parts per billion in the atmosphere and is further increasing by 0.25% each year. Although nitrous oxide only accounts for around 9% of total greenhouse gas emissions, it is well known that it has a global warming potential 300 times greater than carbon dioxide over the next 100 years and a time of atmospheric life of approximately 150 years.
[009] The trends listed above may result in increased levels of nitrogen in natural waters, crop residue, and agricultural and urban waste, creating national and international concerns about the environment and public health.
[010] Dharnaraj P.S. in Lai and Lai (Editors) (Effects of pesticides on nitrification and denitrification (1988). Pesticides and Nitrogen Cycle) describes the effect of various pesticides on nitrification and denitrification. The studies described in it show that most fungicides have no effect on nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the steps of the method according to the invention as well as the surprising effect are not shown.
[011] Mosier et al. (Nitrous oxide emission from agricultural fields; Assessment, measurement and mitigation (1996). Plant and Soil 131 : 95108) summarized the effects of nitrification inhibitors on N2O emissions from fertilized soils. A number of studies have indicated that nitrification inhibitors do not limit N2O emission from soils fertilized with ammonium-based fertilizers.
[012] Additionally, Kinney et al. (Effects of fungicides on trace gas fluxes (2004). Journal of Geophysical Research 109: 1 - 15) have hypothesized that variations in gas flow from agricultural soils may also be affected by the amount and type of agricultural chemicals ( pesticides) used. Field experiments were carried out and the effect of two commonly used multi-site fungicides, mancozeb and chlorothalonil, on trace gas exchange was determined.
[013] Kinney et al. (Laboratory investigations into the effects of pesticides mancozeb, chlorothalonil, and prosulfuron on nitrous oxide and nitric oxide production in fertilized soil (2005). Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37: 837-850) further investigated the effects of mancozeb, chlorothalonil, and the herbicide prosulfuron on N2O production by nitrification and denitrification of bacteria in fertilized soil.
[014] Somda et al. (1991). Influence of biocides on tomato nitrogen uptake and soil nitrification and denitirification. Journal of Plant Nutrition 14 (11): 1187-99) investigated the impact of benlate, captan and sulfur-lime fungicides compared to nitrification inhibitors on nitrification.
[015] The document under no. WO 98/05607 is directed to the use of inorganic and organic polyacids for the treatment of inorganic fertilizers, in particular the use of polyacids as a mixture with at least one nitrification inhibitor for the treatment of inorganic fertilizers.
[016] The document under no. WO 07/0174163 discloses N-(3',4',5'-trifluorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide. The document under no. WO 03/009687 discloses 5-ethyl-6-octyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-ylamine). N'-(4-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine and N'-(4-(4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl) -phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine are known from the document under no. WO 00/46184, while N'-(2-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-4-(3-trimethylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine and N'-(5-difluoromethyl-2 - methyl-4-(3-trimethylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine are described in the document under no. WO 03/93224. They can be prepared in the way described in them.
[017] The document under no. WO 08/059053 relates to a method for increasing carbon dioxide sequestration from the atmosphere by treating a plant, a part of the plant, the place where the plant is growing or intended to grow and/or plant propagules with certain active ingredients. The invention also relates to the use of the compounds for increasing the dry biomass of a plant.
[018] The additional active ingredients, as well as their pesticidal action and methods for producing them are generally known. For example, commercially available compounds can be found in the Pesticide Manual, 14th Edition, British Crop Protection Council (2006), among other publications.
[019] Nitrification and denitrification consist of two main processes through which nitrous oxide is produced in soil environments. Annual application of nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides is expected to more than double over the next 50 years. In addition, agricultural fertile land is expected to increase by 5.5 x 108 ha hectares by the year 2050 (cf. Tilman et al. (2001): Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science. Vol. 292: 281 - 284). As a result, agricultural soils are likely to have an ever-increasing influence on global atmospheric budgets for carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane. In relation to agricultural production systems, it could be shown that fertilization and tillage more than double the N2O emissions from soils.
[020] There is also concern that intensive fertilizer use and the application of livestock manure could lead to increased levels of nitrogen in groundwater and surface water, and that this, in turn, could lead to increased eutrophication of lakes and rivers.
[021] In addition to the potential impact on global warming, N2O production reduces the amount of nitrogen available to plants.
[022] Therefore, it was an objective of the present invention to provide a reliable method that solves the problems described above and which should, in particular, reduce the emission of nitrous oxide from soils. In particular, from soils that are fertilized.
[023] Surprisingly, it has been found that this goal is achieved when dealing with a plant and/or the location, such as the soil, where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or the seeds from which the plant grows with at least one fungicide (compound A) and at least one fertilizer containing ammonium or urea (compound B), where it is essential that the application of compound (A) and compound (B) be carried out with a time interval of steel minus 1 day.
[024] The purpose of the present invention can also be achieved by treating a plant and/or the location, such as the soil, where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or the seeds from which the plant grows with an agrochemical mixture, comprising at least two fungicides (compound A) and at least one fertilizer containing ammonium or urea (compound B), in which the application of the mixture comprising at least two compounds (A) and compound (B) requires be performed with a time interval of at least 1 day.
[025] The time interval between the application of a fungicide (or a respective mixture comprising at least two fungicides) (compound A) from the application of a fertilizer (compound B) is the crucial method step due to the fact that that it could be shown that the joint application may have no impact or even result in an increased N2O emission, whereas only a time-separated application of a fungicide and a fertilizer according to the method of the present invention results in a strong decrease in N2O emission. Consequently, the time interval between the application of a fungicide (compound A) and a fertilizer (compound B) consists of a special technical characteristic that results in a surprising effect, being an inventive and new technical instruction for any person skilled in the art.
[026] The application of active ingredients according to the method of the invention provides significant economic and ecological advantages. From an ecological point of view, decreasing N2O emissions significantly reduces the impact of modern agriculture on the environment and its atmosphere, as well as on global warming. Furthermore, nitrogen losses to groundwater, the risk of eutrophication of lakes and rivers are also minimized due to an optimal use of soil nitrogen.
[027] In an embodiment of the method according to the invention, the emission of nitrous oxide from the soils is reduced by applying a fungicide (compound A) selected from the group (A1) consisting of azoxystrobin, coumethoxystrobin, coumoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, enestroburin, pheneminstrobin, phenoxystrobin (fluphenoxystrobin), fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyramethostrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyribencarb, trichloroxycarbine 2-[ethyl] 2,5-dimethyl-phenoxymethyl)-phenyl]-3-methoxy-acrylic and 2-(2-(3-(2,6-di-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-allylidene-aminooxy-methyl)-phenyl)- 2-methoxyimino-N-methyl-acetamide;
[028] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) is a strobilurin selected from the group consisting of azoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin .
[029] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) is a strobilurin selected from the group consisting of pyraclostrobin, orysastrobin, azoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, enestroburin, fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, picoxystrobin , pyribencarb and trifloxystrobin.
[030] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) is a strobilurin selected from the group consisting of azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin.
[031] In an especially preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) consists of pyraclostrobin.
[032] In an embodiment of the method according to the invention, the emission of nitrous oxide from the soils is reduced by applying a fungicide (compound A) selected from the group (A3) which consists of benodanil, bixaphene, boscalid, carboxin, fenfuram, fenexamide, flutolanil, fluxapyroxad, furametpyr, isopyrazam, mepronil, oxycarboxin, penflufen, penthiopyrad, sedaxane, teclophthalam, tifluzamide, N-(4'-trifluoromethylthiobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-difluoromethyl-1-methyl -1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide and N-(2-(1,3,3-trimethyl-butyl)-phenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-5-fluoro-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide.
[033] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the compound (A) is a carboxanilide selected from the group consisting of bixafen, boscalid, fluxapiroxad, fluopiram, isopyrazam, penflufen, penthiopyrad and sedaxane.
[034] In another preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) is a carboxanilide selected from the group consisting of bixafen, boscalid, fluxapiroxade, isopirazam, penflufen, penthiopyrad and sedaxane.
[035] In an especially preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) is a carboxanilide selected from the group consisting of bixafen, boscalid, fluxapyroxade and isopirazam.
[036] In an especially preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) consists of boscalid.
[037] In an especially preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) consists of fluxapyroxade.
[038] In an embodiment of the method according to the invention, the emission of nitrous oxide from the soils is reduced by applying a fungicide (compound A) selected from the group (A5) consisting of azaconazole, bitertanol, bromuconazole, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, epoxiconazole, fenbuconazole, fluopira, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, hexaconazole, imibenconazole, ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanyl, oxpoconazole, tetraconazole, proazole butrazole triadimefon, triadimenol, triticonazole, uniconazole, cyazofamid, imazalil, pefurazoate, prochloraz, triflumizole, fenarimol, nuarimol, pyrifenox, triforine, aldimorph, dodemorph, dodemorph acetate, fenpropimorph, tridemorphamine, fenexidine.
[039] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) is a C14 demethylase inhibitor selected from the group consisting of difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, fluopyram, fluquinconazole, metconazole, prothioconazole, triticonazole and prochloraz.
[040] In an especially preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) consists of epoxiconazole.
[041] In another especially preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) consists of metconazole.
[042] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) is a delta14-reductase inhibitor selected from the group consisting of fenpropimorph, tridemorph and fenpropidin.
[043] In an especially preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) consists of fenpropimorph.
[044] In one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the emission of nitrous oxide from the soils is reduced by applying a fungicide (compound A) selected from the group (A6) consisting of benalaxyl, benalaxyl- M, chiralaxyl, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam), ofurace, oxadixyl, himexazole, octilinone, oxolinic acid and bupirimate.
[045] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) is a nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor selected from the group consisting of benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, metalaxyl and metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam) .
[046] In one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the emission of nitrous oxide from soils is reduced by applying a fungicide (compound A) selected from the group (A7) consisting of benzimidazoles, thiophanates: carbendazim, fuberidazole, thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl, 5-chloro-7-(4-methyl-piperidin-1-yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyrimidine, dietofencarb, ethaboxam, pencycuron, fluopicolide, zoxamide, metraphenone and pyriophenone.
[047] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) is an inhibitor of cell division and cytoskeleton selected from the group consisting of thiophanate-methyl and metraphenone.
[048] In an especially preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) consists of pyrimethanil.
[049] In one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the emission of nitrous oxide from the soils is reduced by applying a fungicide (compound A) selected from the group (A10) consisting of edifenfos, iprobenfos, pyrazolophos, isoprothiolane, dichlorane, quintazene, technazene, tolclophos-methyl, biphenyl, chlorneb, etridiazole, dimethomorph, flumorph, mandiproamide, pyrimorph, bentiavalcarb, iprovalicarb, pyribencarbster, chloroneb((1-dophenyl) acid, 1-(4-cyano-phenyl)-ethanesulfonyl)-but-2-yl) carbamic, propamocarb and propamocarb hydrochloride.
[050] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) is an inhibitor of membrane and lipid synthesis selected from the group consisting of dimethomorph and mandiproamide.
[051] In an especially preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) consists of dimethomorph.
[052] In one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the emission of nitrous oxide from the soils is reduced by applying a fungicide (compound A) selected from the group (A11) consisting of a Bordeaux mixture, copper acetate, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, basic copper sulfate, sulfur, ferbam, metam, metasulfocarb, metiram, propineb, tiram, zineb, ziram, anilazine,captafol, folpet, dichlofluanid, dichlorophen, flusulfamide, hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorphenol and its salts, phthalide, tolylfluanid, N-(4-chloro-2-nitro-phenyl)-N-ethyl-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide, guanidine, dodine, dodine free base, guazatine, guazatine acetate, iminoctadine, triacetate of iminoctadine, tris(albesylate) of iminoctadine and dithianone.
[053] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the compound (A) consists of metiram.
[054] In another preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) consists of dithianone.
[055] In one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the emission of nitrous oxide from soils is reduced by applying a fungicide (compound A) selected from the group (A14) consisting of bronopol, quinomethionate, cyflufenamide, cymoxanil, dazomet, debacarb, diclomezine, difenzoquat, difenzoquat methylsulfate, diphenylamine, fenpyrazamine, flumetover, flusulfamide, flutianil, metasulfocarb, oxine-copper, proquinazid, tebufloquine, teclooxy-6-buttalam propylchromen-4-one, N-(cyclopropyl-methoxyimino-(6-difluoro-methoxy-2,3-difluoro-phenyl)-methyl)-2-phenyl acetamide, N'-(4-(4- chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine, N'-(4-(4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl -phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine, N'-(2-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-4-(3-trimethyl-silanyl-prop-oxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine , N'-(5-difluoromethyl-2-methyl-4-(3-tri-methylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine 2-{1-[2-(5-methyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-acetyl]-acid methyl-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalen-1-yl)-amide] -piperidin-4-yl}-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl-(R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalen-1-yl-amide 2-{1-[2-(5- methyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-acetyl]-piperidin-4-yl}-thiazole-4-carboxylic, 6-tert-butyl-8-fluoro-2,3-dimethyl-quinolin-4-yl N-Methyl-2-{1-[(5-methyl-3-trifluoro-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-acetyl]-piperidin-4-yl}-N-methoxy-acetic acid ester [(1R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalen-1-yl]-4-thiazolecarboxamide, 3-[5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3- yl]-pyridine, 3-[5-(4-methyl-phenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]-pyridine (pyrisoxazol), N-(6-methoxy-pyridin-3- acid amide) il) cyclopropanecarboxylic, 5-chloro-1-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole and 2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-N-[4-(3 ,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-isoxazol-5-yl]-2-prop-2-ynyloxy-acetamide.
[056] In one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the compound (B) is a fertilizer containing ammonium or urea (compound B) selected from the inorganic fertilizer group (B1) which consists of NPK fertilizer, ammonium nitrate , ammonium and calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and sulfate, ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate.
[057] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the compound (B) is selected from the group consisting of ammonium nitrate and sulfate and ammonium sulfate.
[058] In another embodiment of the method according to the invention, the compound (B) is a fertilizer containing ammonium or urea (compound B) selected from the group of organic fertilizer (B2) consisting of liquid manure, semi-manure liquid, barn manure and manure with straw, vermicompost, compost, seaweed and guano.
[059] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the compound (B) consists of liquid manure.
[060] In an embodiment of the method according to the invention, the application of at least one compound (A) and at least one compound (B) is carried out with a time interval of at least 1 day.
[061] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the application of at least one compound (A) and at least one compound (B) is carried out with a time interval of at least 4 days.
[062] In another preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the application of at least one compound (A) and at least one compound (B) is carried out with a time interval of at least 8 days.
[063] In another preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the application of at least one compound (A) and at least one compound (B) is carried out with a time interval of at least 10 days.
[064] In yet another preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the application of at least one compound (A) and at least one compound (B) is carried out with a time interval of at least 16 days.
[065] The observations for the preferred embodiments of compounds (A) and (B) and mixtures comprising at least two compounds (A) and mixture comprising at least one compound (B) and at least one compound (C), for their preferred use and methods of using them should be understood by themselves or, preferably, in combination with each other.
[066] In one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the emission of nitrous oxide from the soils is reduced by applying a fertilizer containing ammonium or urea (compound B) together with at least one nitrification inhibitor (compound C ) selected from the group consisting of 2-(3,4-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-succinic acid, 3,4-dimethylpyrazolephosphate (DMPP), dicyandiamide (DCD), 1H-1,2,4 -triazole, 3-methylpyrazole (3-MP), 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine, 5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole, 2-amino-4-chloro-6- methyl-pyrimidine, 2-mercapto-benzothiazole, 2-sulfanylamidothiazole, thiourea, sodium azide, potassium azide, 1-hydroxypyrazole, 2-methylpyrazol-1-carboxamide, 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole, 3- mercapto-1,2,4-triazole, 2,4-diamino-6-trichloromethyl-5-triazine, carbon disulfide, ammonium thiosulfate, sodium trithiocarbonate, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7- benzofuranol methyl carbamate and N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)-alanine methyl ester.
[067] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the emission of nitrous oxide from the soils is reduced by applying a fertilizer containing ammonium or urea (compound B) together with at least one nitrification inhibitor (compound C) selected from the group consisting of 2-(3,4-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-succinic acid, 3,4-dimethylpyrazol-phosphate (DMPP), dicyandiamide (DCD), 1H-1, 2,4-triazole, 3-methylpyrazole (3-MP), 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine and 5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole.
[068] In another embodiment of the method according to the invention, the emission of nitrous oxide from the soils is reduced by applying an agrochemical mixture comprising at least one compound (B) and at least one nitrification inhibitor (compound Ç).
[069] In another embodiment of the method according to the invention, the emission of nitrous oxide from the soils is reduced by applying an agrochemical mixture comprising a compound (B) and a nitrification inhibitor (compound C).
[070] The minor mixtures listed in table 1, comprising a compound (B) and a compound (C) consist of a preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention. TABLE 1


[071] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the agrochemical mixture comprises two compounds (A) as defined in any embodiment described above.
[072] In another preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the agrochemical mixture comprises three compounds (A) as defined in any embodiment described above.
[073] In terms of the present invention, "agrochemical mixture" is not restricted to a physical mixture comprising at least two compounds, but refers to any form of preparation of at least one compound and at least one additional compound, the use of which is related to time and place.
[074] In one embodiment of the invention, "agrochemical mixture" refers to a physical mixture comprising two compounds (A).
[075] In one embodiment of the invention, "agrochemical mixture" refers to a physical mixture of at least one compound (B) and at least one compound (C).
[076] Agrochemical mixtures can be formulated separately, but applied in a temporal relationship, that is, simultaneously or subsequently, in which the subsequent application has a time interval that allows a combined action of the compounds.
[077] Additionally, the individual compounds of the agrochemical mixtures according to the invention, such as parts of a kit or parts of the binary mixture, can be mixed by the user himself in a spray tank and additional auxiliaries can be added, if appropriate ( tank mix). This also applies in the case of ternary mixtures which are used according to the invention.
[078] In a preferred embodiment, two compounds (A) selected from the group consisting of pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, epoxiconazole, metconazole, metrafenone, fluxapyroxad, boscalid, bixafen, isopyrazam, penthiopyrad, fluopyram and fenpropimorph are applied within the method of the invention.
[079] Regarding their intended use in the methods of the present invention, the following secondary mixtures listed in table 2, which comprise two compounds (A), consist of an especially preferred embodiment of the present invention. TABLE 2


[080] Within the mixtures in table 2, the following mixtures are especially preferred: M-1, M-2, M-3, M-6, M-7, M-9, M-17, M-20, M -23, M25, M-24 and M-26. Within this subset, the following mixtures are preferred: M-1, M-2, M-3, M-6, M-7, M-9, M-23, M-25 and M-26. The following mixtures are more preferred: M-1, M-2, M-3, M-6, M-7, M-9 and M-26. The following blends are most preferred: M-1, M-2, M-6, M-9 and M-26. Extreme preference is given to the M1 blend.
[081] Consequently, extreme preference is given to the agrochemical mixture comprising pyraclostrobin and boscalid as compounds (A).
[082] All mixtures presented above also consist of an embodiment of the present invention.
[083] In an embodiment of the method according to the present invention, ternary mixtures comprising three compounds (A) can be applied.
[084] In an embodiment of the method according to the present invention, ternary mixtures comprising a compound (B) and two compounds (C) can be applied.
[085] In another embodiment of the method according to the present invention, ternary mixtures comprising two compounds (B) and one compound (C) can be applied.
[086] In an embodiment of the invention, the method according to the invention comprises the steps of a) applying at least one compound (A) as defined in any of the above embodiments; and b) applying at least one compound (B) as defined in any of the above embodiments; to a plant and/or the place where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or the seeds from which the plant grows, in which the application of at least one compound (A) in step a) and at least a compound (B) in step b) is carried out with a time interval of at least 1 day.
[087] In another embodiment of the invention, the method according to the invention comprises the steps of a) applying at least one compound (A) as defined in any of the above embodiments; and b) applying at least one compound (B) as defined in any of the above embodiments together with at least one compound (C) as defined in any one of the above embodiments; to a plant and/or the place where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or the seeds from which the plant grows, in which the application of at least one compound (A) in step a) and at least a compound (B) together with at least one compound (C) in step b) is carried out with a time interval of at least 1 day.
[088] In yet another embodiment of the invention, the method according to the invention comprises the steps of a) applying at least one compound (B) as defined in any of the above embodiments; and b) applying at least one compound (A) as defined in any of the above embodiments; to a plant and/or the place where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or the seeds from which the plant grows, in which the application of at least one compound (B) in step a) and at least a compound (a) in step b) is carried out with a time interval of at least 1 day.
[089] In yet another embodiment of the invention, the method according to the invention comprises the steps of a) applying at least one compound (B) as defined in any of the above embodiments together with at least one compound (C) as defined in any of the above arrangements; and b) application of at least one compound (A) as defined in any of the above modalities, to a plant and/or the location where the plant is growing or is intended to grow and/or the seeds from which the plant grows ; wherein the application of at least one compound (B) together with at least one compound (C) in step a) and the application of at least one compound (A) in step b) is carried out with a time interval of minus 1 day.
[090] The plants to be treated according to the invention are selected from the group consisting of agricultural, silvicultural, ornamental and horticultural plants, each in its natural or genetically modified form, more preferably from agricultural plants .
[091] The most preferred agricultural plants consist of field crops such as potatoes, beets, wheat, barley, rye, oats, sorghum, rice, corn, cotton, rapeseed, canola, soybeans, peas, field beans, sunflowers, sugar cane; cucumbers, tomatoes, onions, leeks, lettuce, pumpkins; even more preferably, the plant is selected from the group consisting of wheat, barley, oats, rye, soybeans, corn, rapeseed, cotton, sugar cane, rice and sorghum.
[092] In an especially preferred embodiment of the present invention, the plants to be treated are selected from the group consisting of wheat, barley, oats, rye, soybean, corn, rapeseed, canola, sunflower, cotton, cane. sugar, beets, rice and sorghum.
[093] In one embodiment, the aforementioned method for reducing nitrous oxide emission from soils comprises treating the plant propagules, preferably the seeds of an agricultural, horticultural, ornamental or silvicultural plant selected from the group consisting of transgenic or non-transgenic plants.
[094] The term "plants" is to be understood as plants of economic importance and/or plants cultivated by man. They are preferably selected from agricultural, silvicultural and horticultural (including ornamental) plants. The term "plant", for use in the present invention, includes all parts of a plant, such as germinating seeds, emerging seedlings, herbaceous vegetation, as well as established wild plants, which include all parts underground (such as, the roots) and parts above the ground.
[095] The term "inhibitors of nitrification" should be understood as any chemical substance that slows down or stops the nitrification process. Nitrification inhibitors delay the natural transformation of ammonium to nitrate by inhibiting the activity of bacteria such as Nitrosomonas spp.
[096] The term "nitrification" should be understood as the biological oxidation of ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+) with oxygen to nitrite (NO2-) followed by the oxidation of these nitrites to nitrates (NO3-) by microorganisms. In addition to nitrate (NO3-), nitrous oxide is also produced through nitrification. Nitrification is an important step in the soil nitrogen cycle.
[097] The term "denitrification" should be understood as the microbiological conversion of nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) to gaseous forms of nitrogen, usually N2 or N2O. This respiratory process reduces oxidized forms of nitrogen in response to oxidation from an electron donor, such as organic matter. Preferred nitrogen electron acceptors in the order of most thermodynamically favorable include: nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Within the general nitrogen cycle, denitrification completes the cycle by returning N2 to the atmosphere. The process is carried out mainly by heterotrophic bacteria (such as Paracoccus denitrificans and several pseudomonads), although autotrophic denitrifiers have also been identified (eg Thiobacillus denitrificans). Denitrifiers are represented in all major phylogenetic groups. When faced with a lack of oxygen, many species of bacteria are able to switch from using oxygen to using nitrates to support respiration in a process known as denitrification, during which water-soluble nitrates are converted to gaseous products, which include nitrous oxide, which are emitted into the atmosphere.
[098] "Nitrous oxide", commonly known as laughing gas or laughing gas, consists of a chemical compound with the chemical formula N2O. At room temperature it is a colorless, non-flammable gas. Nitrous oxide is naturally produced in soils through the microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification. These natural nitrous oxide emissions can be increased through a variety of agricultural practices and activities that include, for example, a) direct addition of nitrogen to soils using mineral and organic fertilizers b) growing nitrogen-fixing crops, c) cultivation of soils with high organic content, d) application of cattle manure on fertile land and pasture.
[099] The term "fertilizers" should be understood as chemical compounds applied to promote plant and fruit growth. Fertilizers are typically applied through the soil (for absorption through plant roots) or via foliar feed (for absorption through leaves). The term "fertilizers" can be subdivided into two main categories: a) organic fertilizers (compounds of spoiled plant/animal matter) and b) inorganic fertilizers (compounds of chemical and mineral products). Organic fertilizers include manure, slurry, vermicompost, peat, kelp, sewage and guano. Green manure crops are also regularly grown to add nutrients (especially nitrogen) to the soil. Manufactured organic fertilizers include compost, blood meal, bone meal and kelp extracts. Additional examples are enzyme-digested proteins, fish meal and feather meal. Decaying crop residue from previous years is another source of fertility. In addition, naturally occurring materials such as rock phosphate, potash sulfate and limestone are also considered to be inorganic fertilizers. Inorganic fertilizers are usually manufactured through chemical processes (such as the Haber process), also using naturally occurring deposits, while chemically altering them (eg triple superphosphate concentrate). Naturally occurring inorganic fertilizers include Chilean sodium nitrate, rock phosphate and limestone.
[0100] "NPK fertilizer" consists of inorganic fertilizers formulated in suitable concentrations and combinations comprising the three main nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K).
[0101] In one embodiment, the plant to be treated according to the method of the invention consists of an agricultural plant. "Agricultural plants" are plants whose part (eg seeds) or all of which is collected or grown on a commercial scale or which serve as an important source of food, food, fiber (eg cotton, flax), fuels ( eg wood, bioethanol, biodiesel, biomass) or other chemical compounds. Preferred agricultural plants consist, for example, of cereals, for example wheat, rye, barley, triticale, oats, sorghum or rice, sugar beet, for example sugar beet or fodder beet; fruits such as pomes, stone fruits or soft fruits, for example apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries or blackcurrants; leguminous plants such as lentils, peas, alfalfa or soybeans; oil plants such as rapeseed, canola, linseed, mustard, olives, sunflowers, coconut, cocoa beans, castor oil plants, oil palms, peanuts or soybeans; peponids, such as pumpkins, cucumbers or melons; fiber plants such as cotton, flax, hemp or jute; citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, grapefruit or mandarins; vegetables such as spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbage, carrots, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, peponids or paprika; lauraceous plants such as avocados, cinnamon or camphor; raw material and energy plants such as corn, soybeans, rapeseed, canola, sugar cane or palms; tobacco; nuts; coffee; tea; bananas; vineyards (edible grapes, grape juices and wines); hop; gram; natural rubber plants.
[0102] In one embodiment, the plant to be treated according to the method of the invention consists of a horticultural plant. The term "horticultural plants" should be understood as plants that are commonly used in horticulture - for example, the cultivation of ornamentals, vegetables and/or fruits. Examples for ornamentals consist of grass, geranium, pelargon, petunia, begonia and fuchsia. Examples for vegetables are potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, peponids, cucumbers, melons, watermelons, garlic, onions, carrots, cabbage, beans, peas and lettuce, and more preferably from tomatoes, onions, peas and lettuce. Examples for fruits are apples, pears, cherries, strawberries, citruses, peaches, apricots and blueberries.
[0103] In one embodiment, the plant to be treated according to the method of the invention consists of an ornamental plant. "Ornamental plants" are plants that are commonly used in gardening, for example, in parks, gardens and on balconies. Examples are grass, geranium, pelargon, petunia, begonia and fuchsia.
[0104] In one embodiment, the plant to be treated according to the method of the invention consists of a silvicultural plant. The term "silvicultural plant" should be understood as trees, more specifically, trees used in reforestation or industrial plantations. Industrial plantations are generally used for the commercial production of forest products, such as wood, pulp, paper, rubber, Christmas trees, or new trees for gardening purposes. Examples for silvicultural plants are conifers such as pine, in particular Pinus spec, fir and spruce, eucalyptus, tropical trees such as teak, rubber, palm, willow (Salix), in particular Salix spec, poplar (Canadian poplar), in particular Populus spec, beech, in particular Fagus spec, birch, palm and oak.
[0105] The term "place" is to be understood as any type of environment, soil, area or material where the plant is growing or is intended to grow. Soil according to the invention is especially preferred.
[0106] In terms of the present invention, "mixture" or "agrochemical mixture" refers to a combination of at least two compounds.
[0107] The term "at least one" shall be understood as 1,2, 3 or more of the respective compound selected from the group consisting of fungicides (compound A), fertilizer (compound B) and nitrification inhibitors (compound C ).
[0108] The term "genetically modified plants" is to be understood as plants, in which the genetic material has been modified by the use of recombinant DNA techniques such that, under natural circumstances, it cannot be readily obtained through crossbreeding , mutations or natural recombination.
[0109] It should be understood that the term "plant propagation material" denotes all productive parts of the plant, such as seeds and vegetative material of the plant, such as cortices and tubers (eg, potatoes), which may be used for plant multiplication. This includes seeds, grains, roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, cortices, spurs, sprouts, branches, shoots and other plant parts, which include seedlings and new plants, which must be transplanted after germination or after emergence from soil, meristem tissues, single or multiple plant cells and any other plant tissue from which a complete plant can be obtained.
[0110] It should be understood that the term "propagules" or "plant propagules" denotes any structure with the ability to give rise to a new plant, for example, a seed, a spur or a part of the vegetative body capable of growing independent, if separated from the parent. In a preferred embodiment, the term "propagules" or "plant propagules" denotes seed.
[0111] The reduction of nitrous oxide emission is independent of the presence of pests. Consequently, in a preferred embodiment of the method, the application of the active ingredients (compound A) and/or mixtures comprising at least one compound (A) is carried out in the absence of pest pressure.
[0112] The term "BBHC main growth stage" refers to the extended BBCH scale which consists of a system for a uniform coding of phenologically similar growth stages of all mono and dicotyledonous plant species, in which all the developmental cycle of plants is subdivided into clearly recognizable and distinguishable developmental stages of longer duration. The BBCH scale uses a decimal code system, which is divided into major and minor growth stages. The abbreviation BBCH derives from the federal biological research center for agriculture and forestry (Germany), the Bundessortenamt (Germany) and the chemical industry.
[0113] In an embodiment of the invention, at least one compound (A) is applied in a growth stage (GS) between GS 00 and GS 65 BBCH of the plant.
[0114] In the preferred embodiment of the invention, at least one compound (A) is applied in a growth stage between GS 14 and GS 55 BBCH of the plant.
[0115] In a more preferred embodiment of the invention, at least one compound (A) is applied in the growth stage between GS 14 and GS 47 BBCH of the plant.
[0116] In one modality of the invention, at least one fertilizer (compound B) is applied before and at sowing, before emergence and until harvest (GS 00 to GS 89 BBCH).
[0117] In another embodiment of the invention, at least one fertilizer (compound B) is applied together with at least one nitrification inhibitor (compound C) before and at sowing, before emergence and until harvest (GS 00 to GS 89 BBCH).
[0118] In another embodiment of the invention, at least one compound (A) is applied during leaf development at flowering (GS 14 to GS 65 BBCH) of the treated plant, provided that the application of at least one compound (A) and at least one compound (B) is carried out with a time interval of at least 1 day.
[0119] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an agrochemical mixture comprising a fertilizer containing ammonium or urea (compound B) and at least one nitrification inhibitor (compound C) is applied at least once during the growth stages GS 00 to GS 89 BBCH (before sowing to harvest) while at least one compound (A) is applied at least once during the GS 14 to GS 65 BBCH (leaf development to flowering) growth stages of the treated plant, provided that the application of at least one compound (A) and at least one compound (B) is carried out with a time interval of at least 1 day.
[0120] In another embodiment of the invention, the agrochemical mixture comprising a fertilizer containing ammonium or urea (compound B) and at least one nitrification inhibitor (compound C) is applied before and at sowing, before emergence and even sprout/development of sprouts (GS 00 to GS 33 BBCH) of the plant, while at least one compound (A) is applied during leaf development to inflorescence emergence (GS 14 to GS 55 BBCH), provided that the application of at least one compound (A) and at least one compound (B) is carried out with a time interval of at least 1 day.
[0121] If an agricultural mixture comprising at least two compounds (A) according to the present invention is used in this inventive method, the plant propagules are preferably treated simultaneously (together or separately) or subsequent.
[0122] The subsequent application is performed with a time interval that allows a combined action of the applied compounds. It is preferred that the time interval for a subsequent application of a first compound (A) and a second compound (A) is in the range from a few seconds to 3 months, preferably from a few seconds to 1 month , more preferably, from a few seconds to 2 weeks, even more preferably, from a few seconds to 3 days, and in particular, from 1 second to 24 hours.
[0123] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the application according to the method of the present invention is repeatedly carried out. In one embodiment, the application is repeated two to ten times, preferably two to five times; most preferably twice.
[0124] In one embodiment, the application of at least one compound (A) is repeatedly performed. In another embodiment, the application of at least one compound (B) is carried out repeatedly. In yet another embodiment, the application of a compound (B) together with a compound (C) is repeatedly applied. In each case, there must be a time interval of at least 1 day between the last application of at least one compound (A) and the last application of at least one compound (B) (optionally together with at least one compound C) .
[0125] For use according to the invention, the application rates of compounds (A) are between 0.01 g and 5 kg of active ingredient per hectare, preferably between 1 g and 1 kg of active ingredient per hectare, especially Between 50 g and 300 g of active ingredient per hectare is preferred, depending on different parameters such as the specific active ingredient applied and the species of plant treated.
[0126] In seed treatment, amounts from 0.001 g to 20 g per kg of seed, preferably from 0.01 g to 10 g per kg of seed, more preferably from 0.05 to 2 g per kg of compost (A) seed is generally required.
[0127] As is customary, compounds (A), (B) and (C) and when mixtures are employed, compounds selected from the group consisting of compounds (A), (B) and (C) are used in a non-phytotoxic and effective amount. This means that they are used in an amount that allows the desired effect to be obtained, but which does not cause any phytotoxic symptoms on the treated plant or on the plant that rises from the treated propagule or treated soil.
[0128] In the methods according to the invention, the application rates of mixtures comprising at least two compounds (A) are from 0.3 g/ha to 5000 g/ha, preferably 5 g/ha to 2000 g/ha, more preferably from 20 to 1000 g/ha, in particular from 20 to 500 g/ha, depending on the type of compound and the desired effect.
[0129] In the treatment of plant propagules, preferably seed, the application rates of the mixture of the present invention comprising at least two compounds (A) are generally from 0.001 to 1000 g per 100 kg, preferably to from 0.01 to 500 g per 100 kg, in particular from 0.1 g to 250 g per 100 kg of plant propagules.
[0130] For the use according to the invention, the application rates of compounds (B) are between 10 kg and 300 kg of N per hectare, preferably between 50 kg and 250 kg of N per hectare.
[0131] In all modalities, agrochemical mixtures are applied in amount of nitrous oxide emission reduction from the soils. In one embodiment, agrochemical mixtures are synergistically applied in the emission-reducing amounts of nitrous oxide from soils.
[0132] The compounds according to the invention may be present in different crystal modifications, whose biological activity may differ. They are also the subject of the present invention.
[0133] In an especially preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, compound (A) is applied as seed treatment.
[0134] In another especially preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the compound (A) is applied as a foliar and/or furrow application.
[0135] The compounds according to the invention, their N oxides and salts can be converted into common types of agrochemical compositions, for example, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes and granules. The type of composition depends on the particular intended purpose; in each case, an even and fine distribution of the compound according to the invention should be ensured.
[0136] Examples for composition types consist of suspensions (SC, OD, FS), emulsifiable concentrates (EC), emulsions (EW, EO, ES), microemulsions (ME), pastes, tablets, dusts or wettable powders ( WP, SP, SS, WS, DP, DS) or granules (GR, FG, GG, MG), which can be water-soluble or wettable, as well as gel formations for the treatment of plant propagation materials, such as as seeds (GF). Usually, composition types (eg SC, OD, FS, EC, WG, SG, WP, SP, SS, WS, GF) are used diluted. Composition types such as DP, DS, GR, FG, GG and MG are usually used undiluted.
[0137] The compositions are prepared in a known manner (cf. US 3,060,084, EP-A 707 445 (for liquid concentrates), Brownming: "Agglomeration", Chemical Engineering, December 4, 1967, 147-48, Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963, S. 8-57 and ff. WO 91/13546, US 4,172,714, US 4,144,050, US 3,920,442, US 5,180,587, US 5,232,701, US 5,208,030, GB 2,095,558, US 3,299,566, Klingman: Weed Control as a Science (J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1961), Hance et al.: Weed Control Handbook (8th Ed ., Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 1989) and Mollet, H. and Grubemann, A.: Formulation technology (Wiley VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 2001).
[0138] Agrochemical compositions can also comprise auxiliaries that are common in agrochemical compositions. The auxiliaries used depend on the particular application form and active substance, respectively. Examples for suitable auxiliaries are solvents, solid carriers, dispersants or emulsifiers (such as solubilizers, protective colloids, surfactants and tackifiers), organic and inorganic thickeners, bactericides, antifreeze agents, antifoam agents, if appropriate , colorants and tackifiers or binders (eg for seed treatment formulations).
[0139] Suitable solvents consist of water, organic solvents such as medium to high boiling mineral oil fractions, such as kerosene or diesel oil, in addition, aliphatic, coal tar oils and oils of vegetable or animal origin, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, for example, toluene, xylene, paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes or their derivatives, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and cyclohexanol, glycols, ketones such as cyclohexanone and gamma-butyrolactone, dimethylamides of fatty acid, fatty acids and fatty acid esters, and strongly polar solvents, eg amines such as N-methylpyrrolidone. Solid carriers consist of mineral earths such as silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, bole, loess, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, ground synthetic materials, fertilizers such as, for example, ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas and products of vegetable origin such as cereal flour, tree bark flour, wood flour and bark flour of walnut, cellulose powders and other solid carriers.
[0140] Suitable surfactants (adjuvants, wetting agents, tackifiers, dispersants or emulsifiers) consist of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and ammonium salts of aromatic sulfonic acids such as lignosulphonic acid (Borresperse® types, Borregard, Norway) acid phenolsulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid (Morwet® types, Akzo Nobel, USA), dibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid (Nekal® types, BASF, Germany) and fatty acids, alkylsulfonates, alkylarylsulfonates, alkyl sulfates, lauryl ether sulfates, fatty alcohol sulfates and sulfated hexa-, hepta- and octadecanolates, sulfated fatty alcohol glycol ethers, additionally, naphthalene or naphthalenesulfonic acid condensates with phenol and formaldehyde, polyoxy-ethylene octylphenyl ether, ethoxylated isooctylphenol, octylphenol, nonylphenol, polyethylphenyl glycol is polyphenyl glycol , tristearylphenyl polyglycol ether, alkylaryl polyether alcohols, alcohol condensates and gr. axo/ethylene oxide, ethoxylated castor oil, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, ethoxylated polyoxypropylene, lauryl alcohol polyglycol ether acetal, sorbitol esters, lignin sulfite residue liquids and proteins, denatured proteins, polysaccharides (eg, methylcellulose), starches hydrophobically modified, polyvinyl alcohols (Mowiol® types, Clariant, Switzerland), polycarboxylates (Sokolan® types, BASF, Germany), polyalkoxylates, polyvinylamines (Lupasol® types, BASF, Germany), polyvinylpyrrolidone and their copolymers.
[0141] Examples for thickeners (i.e., compounds that impart a modified fluidity to the compositions, i.e., high viscosity under static conditions and low viscosity during agitation) consist of organic and inorganic polysaccharides and clays, such as xanthan gum (Kelzan®, CP Kelco, USA), Rhodopol® 23 (Rhodia, France), Veegum® (RT Vanderbilt, USA) or Attaclay® (Engelhard Corp., NJ, USA).
[0142] Bactericides can be additional for the preservation and stabilization of the composition. Examples for suitable bactericides are those based on dichlorophene and semi-formal benzyl alcohol (Proxel® available from ICI or Acticide® RS available from Thor Chemie and Kathon® MK available from Rohm & Haas) and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkylisothiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones (Acticide® MBS available from Thor Chemie).
[0143] Examples for suitable antifreeze agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea and glycerin.
[0144] Examples for defoamers are silicone emulsions (such as, for example, Silikon® SRE, Wacker, Germany or Rhodorsil®, Rhodia, France), long chain alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid salts , fluoroorganic compounds and mixtures thereof.
[0145] Suitable colorants consist of low water solubility pigments and water soluble colorants. Examples to be mentioned and designations: rhodamine B, CI pigment red 1 12, CI solvent red 1, blue pigment 15:4, blue pigment 15:3, blue pigment 15:2, blue pigment 15:1, blue pigment 80 , pigment yellow 1 , pigment yellow 13 , pigment red 1 12 , pigment red 48:2, pigment red 48:1 , pigment red 57:1 , pigment red 53:1 , pigment orange 43 , pigment orange 34 , pigment orange 5 , pigment green 36, pigment green 7, pigment white 6, pigment brown 25, basic violet 10, basic violet 49, acid red 51, acid red 52, acid red 14, acid blue 9, acid yellow 23, red basic 10, red basic 108.
[0146] Examples for tackifiers or binders are polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols and cellulose ethers (Tylose®, Shin-Etsu, Japan). Powders, dispersing materials and dusts can be prepared by mixing or grinding compounds I and, if appropriate, additional active substances with at least one solid carrier. Granules, eg coated granules, impregnated granules and homogeneous granules, can be prepared by binding the active substances to solid carriers. Examples of solid carriers are mineral earths such as silica gels, silicates, talc, kaolin, attaclay, limestone, lime, chalk, bole, loess, clay, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, ground synthetic materials, fertilizers such as, for example, ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas and plant products such as cereal flour, tree bark flour, wood flour and nutshell flour, cellulose powders and other solid carriers.
[0147] Examples for composition types consist of: 1. Composition types for dilution with water i) Water-soluble concentrates (SL, LS)
[0148] 10 parts by weight of a compound I according to the invention are dissolved in 90 parts by weight of water or in a water-soluble solvent. As an alternative, wetting agents or other auxiliaries are added. The active substance dissolves on dilution with water. In this way, a composition is obtained which has a content of 10% by weight of active substance. ii) Dispersible Concentrates (DC)
[0149] 20 parts by weight of a compound I according to the invention are dissolved in 70 parts by weight of cyclohexanone with addition of 10 parts by weight of a dispersant, for example polyvinylpyrrolidone. Dilution with water provides a dispersion. The active substance content is 20% by weight. iii) Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC)
[0150] 15 parts by weight of a compound I, according to the invention, are dissolved in 75 parts by weight of xylene with addition of calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil extosylate (in each case, 5 parts by weight). Dilution with water provides an emulsion. The composition has an active substance content of 15% by weight. iv) Emulsions (EW, EO, ES)
[0151] 25 parts by weight of a compound I, according to the invention, are dissolved in 35 parts by weight of xylene with addition of calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil extosylate (in each case, 5 parts by weight). This mixture is introduced into 30 parts by weight of water by means of an emulsification machine (Ultraturrax) and made into a homogeneous emulsion. Dilution with water provides an emulsion. The composition has an active substance content of 25% by weight. v) Suspensions (SC, OD, FS)
[0152] In an agitated ball mill, 20 parts by weight of a compound I, according to the invention, are comminuted with addition of 10 parts by weight of dispersants and wetting agents and 70 parts by weight of water or an organic solvent to provide a fine active substance suspension. Dilution with water provides a stable suspension of the active substance. The content of active substance in the composition is 20% by weight. vi) Water-dispersible granules and water-soluble granules (WG, SG)
[0153] 50 parts by weight of a compound I, according to the invention, are finely ground with addition of 50 parts by weight of dispersants and wetting agents and prepared as water-dispersible or water-soluble granules by means of technical tools ( eg extrusion, spray tower, fluid bed). Dilution with water provides a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance. The composition has an active substance content of 50% by weight. vii) Water-dispersible powders and water-soluble powders (WP, SP, SS, WS)
[0154] 75 parts by weight of a compound I according to the invention are ground in a rotor-stator mill with addition of 25 parts by weight of dispersants, wetting agents and silica gel. Dilution with water provides a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance. The active substance content of the composition is 75% by weight. viii) Gel (GF)
[0155] In an agitated ball mill, 20 parts by weight of a compound I, according to the invention, are comminuted with addition of 10 parts by weight of dispersants, 1 part by weight of a gelling agent wetting agent and 70 parts by weight of water or an organic solvent to provide a fine suspension of the active substance. Dilution with water provides a stable suspension of the active substance, so that a composition with 20% (by weight) of active substance is obtained. 2. Types of composition to be applied undiluted ix) Sprinkling powders (DP, DS)
[0156] 5 parts by weight of a compound I according to the invention are finely ground and intimately mixed with 95 parts by weight of finely divided kaolin. This provides a dustable composition that has an active substance content of 5% by weight. x) Granules (GR, FG, GG, MG)
[0157] 0.5 parts by weight of a compound I, according to the invention, is finely ground and associated with 99.5 parts by weight of vehicles. Current methods consist of extrusion, spray drying and the fluid bed. This provides granules to be applied undiluted which have an active substance content of 0.5% by weight. xi) ULV Solutions (UL)
[0158] 10 parts by weight of a compound I according to the invention are dissolved in 90 parts by weight of an organic solvent, eg xylene. This provides a composition to be applied undiluted which has an active substance content of 10% by weight.
[0159] Agrochemical compositions generally comprise between 0.01 and 95%, preferably between 0.1 and 90%, most preferably between 0.5 and 90%, by weight, of active substance. The active substances are used in a purity from 90% to 100%, preferably from 95% to 100% (according to the NMR spectrum).
[0160] Water-soluble concentrates (LS), flowable concentrates (FS), powders for dry treatment (DS), water-dispersible powders for slurry treatment (WS), water-soluble powders (SS), emulsions (ES) emulsifiable concentrates (EC) and gels (GF) are usually employed for the purposes of treating plant propagation materials, particularly seeds. These compositions can be applied to plant propagation materials, particularly seeds, diluted or undiluted. The compositions in question provide, after dilution by two to ten times, concentrations of active substance from 0.01 to 60% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 40% by weight, in the preparations. ready to use. The application can be carried out before or during sowing. Methods for the application or treatment of agrochemical compounds and compositions thereof, respectively, onto plant propagation materials, especially seeds, are known in the art and include the application methods of fertilizing, coating, pelletizing, dusting, rewetting and in groove of the propagation material. In a preferred embodiment, the compounds or compositions thereof, respectively, are applied to the plant propagation material by a method such that germination is not induced, for example, by fertilizing, pelletizing, coating and dusting of seed.
[0161] In a preferred embodiment, a suspension-type (FS) composition is used for seed treatment. Typically, an FS composition may comprise 1 to 800 g/l of active substance, 1 to 200 g/l of surfactant, 0 to 200 g/l of anti-freeze agent, 0 to 400 g/l of binder, 0 to 200 g /l of a pigment and up to 1 liter of a solvent, preferably water.
[0162] Active substances can be used as such or in the form of their compositions, for example, in the form of directly sprayable solutions, powders, suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, oil dispersions, pastes, dustable products, dispersion materials, or granules, by means of spraying, atomizing, dusting, dispersing, brushing, dipping or pouring. The forms of application completely depend on the intended purposes, the aim being to ensure in each case the finest possible distribution of the active substances according to the invention. Aqueous application forms can be prepared from emulsion concentrates, pastes or wettable powders (sprayable powders, oil dispersions) by adding water. To prepare emulsions, pastes or oil dispersions, the substances, as such or dissolved in an oil or solvent, can be homogenized in water by means of a wetting agent, tackifier, dispersant or emulsifier. Alternatively, it is possible to prepare concentrates composed of active substance, humectant, tackifier, dispersant or emulsifier and, if appropriate, solvent or oil, and such concentrates are suitable for dilution with water.
[0163] Concentrations of active substance in ready-to-use preparations can be varied within relatively wide ranges. In general, they consist of from 0.0001 to 10%, preferably from 0.001 to 1%, by weight of active substance.
[0164] Active substances can also be used successfully in the ultra low volume (ULV) process, and it is possible to apply compositions comprising above 95% by weight of active substance or even to apply the substance active without additives.
[0165] The various types of oils, humectants, adjuvants, herbicides, bactericides, other fungicides and/or pesticides can be added to active substances or compositions comprising them, if appropriate, only immediately before use (tank mix) . These agents can be mixed with the compositions according to the invention in a weight ratio of 1:100 to 100:1, preferably 1:10 to 10:1.
[0166] Adjuvants that can be used consist, in particular, of modified organic polysiloxanes, such as Break Thru S 240®; alcohol alkoxylates such as Atplus 245®, Atplus MBA 1303®, Plurafac LF 300® and Lutensol ON 30®; EO/PO block polymers, for example, Pluronic RPE 2035® and Genapol B®; alcohol ethoxylates such as Lutensol XP 80®; and sodium sulfosuccinate dioctyl such as Leophen RA®.
[0167] The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention, but without imposing any limitation. EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1
[0168] Corn seeds (Zea mays, cultivar "short") were treated with a formulation containing pyraclostrobin (product name: Stamina®) at a rate of 5g/100kg seeds or were left untreated. Seeds were planted 1 seed/pot in standard greenhouse soil (mixture of peat, loam and sand) and grown in a climate chamber at 20°C and 60% humidity. Plants were grown for ten days in a completely randomized preparation. On day 6, the plants were watered to full water holding capacity, but not fertilized. Afterwards, they were allowed to dry completely.
[0169] On day 10 (10 days after the seeds had been treated with pyraclostrobin), the plants were separated and each pot was placed on a plant dish designed with an inner compartment for the pot and an outer ring that is filled with Water. At time 0, water with or without various concentrations of NPK fertilizer (compound B) was applied to the plant in such a way that the soil's water holding capacity exceeded 90%. Then, a gas sampling chamber was placed over the plant dish in such a way that fitting the edge into the water-filled ring creates a gas-tight chamber. Subsequently, 20 cubic centimeters (cc) of air from the chamber was drawn into a syringe and immediately evacuated into a Vacutainer (Labco, 12 ml volume). This equals the 0 time measurement for each pot. The same procedure was performed with all pots in the experiment. After the one hour incubation time, again, 20 cc air samples were taken from the gas chambers and evacuated into Vacutainers as described above. The plants were then returned to their positions in the climate chamber. Measurements were repeated at precisely the same time of day for the next two days. Samples were analyzed on a Shimadzu 2014 GC equipped with an ECD system.
[0170] Table 3: Determination of the increase of N2O in the environment. Results shown are peak values at day 2 of the three day measurement after treatment of controls and seed plants treated with 0.3% of the commercially available NPK fertilizer HaKaPhos® Blue (Compo). N=14 in both cases. SD = Standard deviation; ppbv = parts per billion by volume.

[0171] As can be seen from table 3, pyraclostrobin as compound (A) applied as a seed treatment is able to significantly reduce N2O emission from soils when the respective fertilizer (compound B) is applied. days after the application of the compound (A) according to the method of the invention. EXAMPLE 2
[0172] Soil samples (10 g dry weight) from various soil types (see table 4) were placed in 50 ml screw cap centrifuge tubes. Water or water containing pyraclostrobin as compound (A), as EC formulation (product name Comet®, concentration 250 g/L diluted in 200 L/ha) in a volume of 18.5 ml, was added to the soil until all liquid was absorbed. Subsequently, the soil samples were left to rest for 1 day. One ml of Ca(NO3)2 solution as a fertilizer (compound B) was added in such a way that the final concentration of nitrate in the soil equaled 100 kg N/ha. Then 0.5 ml of glucose solution (3 mg of glucose per 10 mg of soil) was added. Soil samples were mixed and incubated at 20°C for 48 h.
[0173] The nitrate and ammonium content was then analyzed after adding 20 ml of a 2% K2SO4 solution, stirred and filtered. Measurements were made using the Conway method (Stanford et. al, 1973: Nitrate determination by a modified Conway microdiffusion method. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 56:1365-1368). As published in Stanford et al. 1975, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Bow, vol. 39:867-870, Paul and Beauchamp (1989): Can. J. Microbiol 35:754-759, and Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, HG Schlegel, editor, Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 2006, this method is suitable for determining the loss of nitrogen in the soil and therefore indirectly the amount of N2O produced in soils of diverse origins.
[0174] Table 4: Results are shown for untreated control (UTC) (= water only) or after application of pyraclostrobin as compost (A) in different types of soils. Soil types are LiHof = natural soil samples from a field site in Limburgerhof (Germany); Sp 2.1 , Sp 2.2, Sp 2.3, Sp 2.4, Sp 5M and Sp 6S consist of commercially available soils (LUFA).

[0175] As can be seen from table 4, pyraclostrobin as a compound (A) applied to various types of soil is able to significantly reduce the emission of N2O from the soil to a varying degree when the respective fertilizer (compound) B) was applied 1 day after the application of compound (A) according to the method of the invention. This reduction is especially strong when applied to a natural soil system (LiHof). EXAMPLE 3
[0176] In the same experimental setup as described for example 2, pyraclostrobin as well as boscalid (which exhibits a different mode of action) were tested as compounds (A) in the LiHof soil type. The potential to reduce N2O emission from soils was assessed as described in example 2. The application rates of individual compounds are listed in table 5. TABLE 5:


[0177] As can be seen from table 5, the application of pyraclostrobin or boscalid as compound (A) to the soil significantly reduced N2O emission from the soil, when the respective fertilizer (compound B) was applied 1 day after the application of the compound (A) according to the invention. EXAMPLE 4
[0178] Greenhouse tests were performed on soil samples from a field site representing the Ah horizon of a pseudo-gleic paracambisol. The pots were filled with 10 kg of the respective soil and subsequently summer wheat was planted. A randomized preparation was established and the pots were watered to 60% pore space filled with water each day. Each sampling day, pots were enclosed in individual gas-tight sampling chambers at the same time each day and three gas samples were taken during an incubation time of 90 min. Pots were treated with pyraclostrobin (250 g/ha = 50 ml of 17.32 mg/l of solution) or left untreated (UTC = water only). Fertilizer (ammonium nitrate (compound B) at a concentration of 100 kg/ha) was applied as shown in table 6. Samples were taken over a period of 4 weeks. TABLE 6


[0179] Table 6 clearly shows the surprising technical effect of the present invention. Unexpectedly, it was found that the application of pyraclostrobin as compound (A) and ammonium nitrate as compound (B), when performed with a time interval of at least 1 day (in this case, 8 days), the emission of N2O from soils is significantly reduced, compared to the application of a fertilizer (compound B) alone or when a compost (A) was applied together with a compost (B).
[0180] Consequently, it could be shown that a combined application of compost (A) and compost (B) does not result in a reduction of N2O emission from the soils, whereas separate application of compost (A) and compost (B) ), with a time interval of at least one day, surprisingly results in a strong reduction in nitrous oxide emission from soils.

权利要求:
Claims (14)
[0001]
1. METHOD TO REDUCE NITROUS OXIDE EMISSION FROM SOIL, characterized in that it comprises in one step (a) treating a plant that grows on the respective soil and/or the place where the plant is growing or is destined to grow and/or the seeds from which the plant grows with at least one fungicide (compound A) selected from the group consisting of: (A) inhibitors of complex III at the Qo site: (1) xystrobin, dimoxystrobin, enestroburin, fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl , metominostrobin, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyribencarb, and trifloxystrobin; and in one step (b) treat a plant that grows on the respective soil and/or the place where the plant is growing or is intended to grow with at least one fertilizer containing ammonium or urea (compound B) selected from the group that consists of: (81) inorganic fertilizer: NPK fertilizer, ammonium nitrate, ammonium and calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and sulfate, ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate; (82) organic fertilizer: liquid manure, semi-liquid manure, barn manure and manure with straw, vermicompost, compost, seaweed and guano; wherein the application of at least one compound (A) and at least one compound (B) is carried out with a time interval of at least 1 day.
[0002]
2. METHOD, according to claim 1, characterized in that compound (A) is a strobilurin selected from the group consisting of pyraclostrobin, orysastrobin, azoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, kresoxim-methyl, metominostrobin, picoxystrobin, and trifloxystrobin.
[0003]
3. METHOD according to claim 1, characterized in that compound (A) is a strobilurin selected from the group consisting of azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin.
[0004]
4. METHOD according to claim 1, characterized in that compound (A) is pyraclostrobin.
[0005]
5. METHOD according to claim 1, characterized in that two compounds (A) as defined in any one of claims 1 to 4 are applied.
[0006]
6. METHOD, according to claim 5, characterized in that pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin are applied.
[0007]
7. METHOD, according to claim 5, characterized in that pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin are applied.
[0008]
8. METHOD according to claim 1, characterized in that the compound (B) is selected from the group consisting of ammonium nitrate and sulfate and ammonium sulfate.
[0009]
9. METHOD, according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the time interval between the application of compound (A) and compound (B) is at least 4 days.
[0010]
10. METHOD according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the application of the compound (A) and/or mixtures comprising at least one compound (A) is carried out in the absence of pest pressure.
[0011]
11. METHOD, according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the compost application rate (B) is between 10 kg and 300 kg of N per hectare.
[0012]
12. METHOD according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the fertilizer containing ammonium or urea (compound B) is applied together with at least one nitrification inhibitor (compound C) selected from the group consisting of acid 2-(3,4-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-succinic, 3,4-dimethylpyrazolphosphate (DMPP), dicyandiamide (DCD), 1H-1,2,4-triazole, 3-methylpyrazole (3-MP) , 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine, 5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methyl-pyrimidine, 2-mercapto-benzothiazole, 2 -sulfanylamidothiazole, thiourea, sodium azide, potassium azide, 1-hydroxypyrazole, 2-methylpyrazole-1-carboxamide, 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole, 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole, 2 ,4-diamino-6-trichloromethyl-5-triazine, carbon disulfide, ammonium thiosulfate, sodium trithiocarbonate, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol methyl carbamate and N-(2 methyl ester ,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)-alanine.
[0013]
13. METHOD according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the treated plant is selected from the group consisting of agricultural, silvicultural, ornamental and horticultural plants, each in its natural or genetically modified form.
[0014]
14. METHOD, according to claim 13, characterized in that the plant is selected from the group consisting of wheat, barley, oats, rye, soybean, corn, rapeseed, canola, sunflower, cotton, sugar cane, beet , rice and sorghum.

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法律状态:
2020-11-10| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|

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2021-02-23| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|

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2021-04-20| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 10 (DEZ) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 20/04/2021, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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EP09170414|2009-09-16|

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EP09170414.8|2009-09-16|

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PCT/EP2010/063358|WO2011032904A1|2009-09-16|2010-09-13|Method for reducing nitrous oxide emission from soils|

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